This presentation outlines key methods for conducting climate change assessments, focusing on national greenhouse gas inventories, vulnerability assessments, adaptation and mitigation analyses, and capacity-building needs. These tools support the development of national strategies and the preparation of official communications under the UNFCCC. A core principle is that studies must be adapted to national contexts and contribute meaningfully to development planning. The national inventory includes emissions from fossil fuels, agriculture, and land-use change, and serves as a balance sheet for estimating a country’s contribution to climate change.

Vulnerability assessments identify sectors, ecosystems, and regions most at risk from climate change, based on both current data and local experience with past weather extremes. Adaptation analysis goes further by exploring measures to reduce unavoidable impacts—ranging from technological and policy responses to public education and institutional reform. These assessments not only guide national adaptation efforts but also inform funding proposals and strategic planning for long-term climate resilience.